Nigerian Construction Sector, Domestic Fixed Capital Formation and Gross Domestic Product of Nigeria
Keywords:
Construction Sector, Domestic Fixed Capital Formation, Gross Domestic Product, Nigeria
Abstract
Domestic Fixed Capital (DFC) is one of the most fundamental requirements for economic diversification. The slow growth of DFC has been identified as one of the most important challenges facing sub Saharan Africa. The study empirically examined the causal relationship between the Nigerian Construction Sector (NCS) output and Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) using Nigerian Time Series Data (TSD) from 1970 through 2013. The empirical investigation is carried out using vector error correction Model (VECM) framework. Data is sourced from United Nations Statistic Department (UNSD). The results of the co-integration test suggest the existence of a long-run relationship between the NCS, GFCF and GDP. The results show that the NCS positively causes GFCF and GDP growth. The finding implies that Nigeria can accelerate its GFCF and GDP growth by increasing investment in the NCS.
References
REFERENCES
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Adamu, S. O. (1996) National Accounting in Developing Country: The Case of Nigeria, Ibadan: SAAL Publication
Akpokodje, G. (2000) the effect of export earnings fluctuations on capital formation in Nigeria, African Economic Research Consortium, Research Paper 103, Nairobi, October
Aryeetey, E & Urdry, C (2000) Saving in Sub-Saharan Africa, Centre for International Development at Harvard University, Working Paper No. 38 January
Balassa, B., (1988) Public finance and economic development, PPR Working Paper No. 31, Washington, DC: World Bank.
BBC (2013) News Channel Africa’s Economy, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/africa/05/africa_economy/html/trade.stm
Boopen, S. (2006) Transport Infrastructure and Economic Growth: Evidence from Africa using dynamic panel estimates. The Empirical Economic Letters, 5(1)
Branson, W, (1986) Stabilization, stagnation. and investment incentives: The case of Kenya, 1979-1980, in Edwards, S & Ahamed, L (Eds.), Economic Adjustment and Exchange Rates in Developing Countries, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Brooks, C. (2008) Introductory Econometrics for Finance (2nd Edition) Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom
Calderón, C. & Servén, L. (2008) Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, the World Bank Development Research Group Macroeconomics and Growth Team September, Policy Research Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/393241468180903623/pdf/WPS4712.pdf
Dailami, M. (1990) “Financial policy and corporate investment in imperfect capital markets: The case of Korea,” PPR Working Paper No. 409 Washington, DC: World Bank.
Dantata, S (2008) General overview of the Nigerian construction industry, retrieved from www.dspace.mit.edu on November 20, 2009
De Long, J.B. & Lawrence, H S (1991) Equipment Investment and Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 May
Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W A (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 74, 427-431
Dinkelman, T (2008) The Effects of Rural Electrification on Employment: New Evidence from South Africa. Population Studies Centre University of Michigan, Research Report No. 08-653, August 2008
Doumbia-Henry, C (2003) forward in Mitullah, W. V. and Wachira, I. N.(eds) Informal labour in the construction industry in Kenya: A case study of Nairobi, Sectoral Activities Programme ,Working Paper, WP.204 International Labour Office ,Geneva , May.
DPW (2001) Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Developing the Construction Industries of Southern Africa, National Department of Public Works, Pretoria
Ebajemito, J O Bamidele, A., Enendu, C I & Abdullahi, A (2004) Financing Investment For Growth: The Nigerian Experience, In Nnanna, O.J., Englama, A. and Odoko, F.O. (Editors) Finance Investment and Growth in Nigeria. Abuja: CBN.
Engle, R F & Granger, C W J (1987) Cointegration and Error Correction Representation, Estimating and Testing, Econometrica, 55 (2) 251-76
Engle, R F & Granger, C W J (1991) Long run Economic Relationships, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Escobal, Javier, & Ponce, Carmen (2002) “The benefits of rural roads: Enhancing income opportunities for the rural poor.” Group of Analysis for Development (GRADE) working paper No. 40, November
Estache, A & Vagliasindi, M (2007) Infrastructure for accelerated growth for Ghana: Investments, Policies and Institutions, Ghana country economic memoranda report, Accra Ghana, World Bank
Estache, A, Speciale, B & Veredas, D (2005)
How much does infrastructure matter to growth in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Estache, A., Foster, V. & Wodon, Q., (2002) "Accounting for Poverty in Infrastructure Reform: Learning from Latin America’s Experience." WBI Development Studies, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Faruqee, R. (1994) Nigerian: ownership abandoned in Hussein, I. & R. Faruqee, (eds) adjustment in Africa: lessons from country case studies. Washington, DC: World Bank
Foster, V. & Briceño-Garmendia, C (2010) Africa’s Infrastructure; A Time for Transformation, Agence Française de Développement and World Bank.
Ghirmay, Teame (2004) Financial Development and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries: Evidence from Time Series Analysis, African Development Review. Volume 16, Issue 3, pages 415–432, December 2004
Granger, C W J (1969) Investigating causal relations by econometric methods and cross-spectral methods, Econometrica, 34, 541-51
Granger, C W J (1981). Some properties of time series data and their use in econometric model specification. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 16, 121-130
Granger, C. W. J. & Newbold, P. (1974) spurious regression in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 2, 111-120
Greene, J, & D. Villanueva (1991) Private investment in developing countries: An empirical analysis, IMF Staff Paper 38, No. 1 Washington. DC: International Monetary Fund.
Hall, S. (1994) Time Series Forecasting, In Hall, S. (Editor) Applied Economic Forecasting Techniques. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Hawkins, E.K. (1959) Capital formation in Nigeria and Ghana, Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Statistics, vol. 21, no. 1
Hendry, D.F. (1980) Econometrics Alchemy or Science?, Economica 47, 387-406.
Hillebrandt, P. (2000) Economic Theory and the Construction Industry, London; Macmillan
Hillebrandt, P.M. (1984) Analysis of the British Construction Industry. Macmillan, London
Hillebrandt, P.M. (1988) Analysis of the British Construction Industry, London: MacMillan Press Ltd
Hooley, R. W. (1967) The Measurement of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 49, No. 2 (May, 1967), pp. 199-208
Johansen, S. (1988) Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, pp 231-54
Johansen, S. (1991) Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors In Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models, Econometrica, 59, pp 1551-80.
Johansen, S. (1995) Likelihood-based inference in co-integrated vector autoregressive models, Oxford University Press
Keynes. J. M., (1936) the General Theory of Employment Interest and Money, New York: A Harvest BHJ Book
Khan, M. S. & C. M. Reinhart (1990) Private Investment and Economic in Developing Countries Growth, World Development, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 19-27,
Kilian, L (1998) Confidence intervals for impulse responses under departures from normality, Econometric Reviews 17, 1–29.
Kularatne, C (2005) Social and economic infrastructure impacts on economic growth in South Africa, Annual Bank Conference On Development Economics, South Africa 2008, School of Economics, South Africa.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTABCDESOUAFR2008/Resources/ChandanaKularatne.pdf
Kuznets, S & Jenks, E (1961) Summary of Findings: Capital in the American Economy, in: Capital in the American Economy: Its Formation and Financing, pages 389-428
Lewis, A. (1970) Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour in Meier, G.M. leading issues in development Economics, New York: Oxford University Press
López, H., (2004) "Macroeconomics and Inequality" The World Bank Research Workshop, Macroeconomic Challenges in Low Income Countries, October
Lütkepohl, H, (2007) New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis, Springer, 2007, p. 63.
Lütkepohl, H. (2008) Impulse response function, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2nd Edition)
Munnell A. H. (1992) Policy Watch: Infrastructure Investment and Economic Growth, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Autumn), pp. 189-198
Ndulu, B. (2006) Infrastructure, Regional Integration and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Dealing with the Disadvantages of Geography and Sovereign Fragmentation, Journal of African Economies, vol 15, AERC supplement 2, pp. 212-244
Ofori G (2000) Challenges of construction industries in developing countries: lessons from various countries, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the CIB Task Group 29 (TG 29): Construction in Developing Countries, Gaborone, Botswana, 15–17 November, pp. 1–11
Ofori G (2001) Challenges Facing Construction Industries in Southern Africa, Keynote Address, Regional Conference on Developing the Construction Industries of Southern Africa, National Department of Public Works, Pretoria, 23–25 April
Ofori G (2006) Revaluing Construction in Developing Countries: A Research Agenda, Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 11(1)
Olusegun, O.A. (2008) Oil price shocks and the Nigerian economy: a forecast error variance decomposition analysis, Journal of economic theory 2(4) 124-130
Perkins, P., Fedderke, J. & Luiz, J. (2005) “An Analysis of Economic Infrastructure Investment in South Africa” South African Journal of Economics Vol. 73:2
Pesaran, M H & Shin, Y (1998) Generalized impulse response analysis in liner models, Economic Letters, 58, 17-29.
Phillips, P.C.B. & Perron, P. (1988) Testing for Unit Roots in Time Series Regression, Biometrika, 75, 335-346
Pietroforte, R. and Gregori, T. (2006) Does volume follow share? The case of the Danish construction industry, Construction Management and Economics, 24(7), 711–15
Pindyck, R. S. & Rubinfeld, D. L. (1991), Econometric models and economic forecasts (3rd edition), New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Prest, A.R. & Stewart, I.G. (1953) The national income of Nigeria, 1950-51, London, HMSO
Reinikka, R. & Svensson, J (1999), How Inadequate Provision of Public Infrastructure and Services Affects Private Investment, The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper Series: 2262
Robertson, D. & Wicken, M, (1994) VAR modelling. in Hall, S. (Editor) Applied Economic Forecasting Techniques. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Robinson, J. (1949). An essay on Marxian economics, London: Macmillan
Romer, P.M. (1990) Endogenous technological change, The Journal of Political Economy, 98, (5), Part 2:
Rwelamila, P D (2006) African construction industries in turmoil? The implication for NEPAD
Seaden, G. and A. Manseau (2001) Public policy and construction innovation, Building Research & Information (2001) 29(3), 182–196
Servén, L. & A. Solimano (1993) Debt crisis, adjustment policies and capital formation in developing countries: Where do we stand? World Development, Volume 21, Issue 1, January, pp 127-140
Sims, C. A (1972) Money, Income, and Causality, the American Economic Review
Vol. 62, No. 4, pp 540-552
Smith, A. (1776), An Enquiry into the Wealth of Nations, Oxford, Claredon.
Solow, R., (1956) A contribution to the theory of economic growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics 70, pp. 65–94
Toda, H.Y. & Phillips, P C B (1994) Vector Autoregressions and Causality: A Theoretical Overview and Simulation Study, Econometric Reviews 13, 259-285
Umo, J. (1979) Capital Formation in Oluloku, F.A (Ed) Structure of the Nigerian Economy (1st Edition). London: Macmillan.
UNCHS (1984) The Construction Industry in Developing Countries, Vol. 2, UNCHS Habitat, Nairobi.
Van Wijnbergen, S (1983) Interest rate management in LDCs, Journal of Monetary Economics. Vol. 12 (September), pp 433-412
Wells, J (1984) the construction industry in the context of development: a new perspective. Habitat International, 8(3/4), 9–28
World Bank, (1984) the construction industry issues and strategy in developing countries. The World Bank : Washington , DC
Yule, G U (1926) why do we sometimes get nonsense correlations between time series? A study in sampling and the nature of time series, Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 89, pp 1-64
Aboyade, O. (1966) Foundations of an African economy, a study of investment and growth in Nigeria, New York: Praeger
Adamu, S. O. (1996) National Accounting in Developing Country: The Case of Nigeria, Ibadan: SAAL Publication
Akpokodje, G. (2000) the effect of export earnings fluctuations on capital formation in Nigeria, African Economic Research Consortium, Research Paper 103, Nairobi, October
Aryeetey, E & Urdry, C (2000) Saving in Sub-Saharan Africa, Centre for International Development at Harvard University, Working Paper No. 38 January
Balassa, B., (1988) Public finance and economic development, PPR Working Paper No. 31, Washington, DC: World Bank.
BBC (2013) News Channel Africa’s Economy, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/africa/05/africa_economy/html/trade.stm
Boopen, S. (2006) Transport Infrastructure and Economic Growth: Evidence from Africa using dynamic panel estimates. The Empirical Economic Letters, 5(1)
Branson, W, (1986) Stabilization, stagnation. and investment incentives: The case of Kenya, 1979-1980, in Edwards, S & Ahamed, L (Eds.), Economic Adjustment and Exchange Rates in Developing Countries, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Brooks, C. (2008) Introductory Econometrics for Finance (2nd Edition) Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom
Calderón, C. & Servén, L. (2008) Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, the World Bank Development Research Group Macroeconomics and Growth Team September, Policy Research Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/393241468180903623/pdf/WPS4712.pdf
Dailami, M. (1990) “Financial policy and corporate investment in imperfect capital markets: The case of Korea,” PPR Working Paper No. 409 Washington, DC: World Bank.
Dantata, S (2008) General overview of the Nigerian construction industry, retrieved from www.dspace.mit.edu on November 20, 2009
De Long, J.B. & Lawrence, H S (1991) Equipment Investment and Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 May
Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W A (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 74, 427-431
Dinkelman, T (2008) The Effects of Rural Electrification on Employment: New Evidence from South Africa. Population Studies Centre University of Michigan, Research Report No. 08-653, August 2008
Doumbia-Henry, C (2003) forward in Mitullah, W. V. and Wachira, I. N.(eds) Informal labour in the construction industry in Kenya: A case study of Nairobi, Sectoral Activities Programme ,Working Paper, WP.204 International Labour Office ,Geneva , May.
DPW (2001) Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Developing the Construction Industries of Southern Africa, National Department of Public Works, Pretoria
Ebajemito, J O Bamidele, A., Enendu, C I & Abdullahi, A (2004) Financing Investment For Growth: The Nigerian Experience, In Nnanna, O.J., Englama, A. and Odoko, F.O. (Editors) Finance Investment and Growth in Nigeria. Abuja: CBN.
Engle, R F & Granger, C W J (1987) Cointegration and Error Correction Representation, Estimating and Testing, Econometrica, 55 (2) 251-76
Engle, R F & Granger, C W J (1991) Long run Economic Relationships, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Escobal, Javier, & Ponce, Carmen (2002) “The benefits of rural roads: Enhancing income opportunities for the rural poor.” Group of Analysis for Development (GRADE) working paper No. 40, November
Estache, A & Vagliasindi, M (2007) Infrastructure for accelerated growth for Ghana: Investments, Policies and Institutions, Ghana country economic memoranda report, Accra Ghana, World Bank
Estache, A, Speciale, B & Veredas, D (2005)
How much does infrastructure matter to growth in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Estache, A., Foster, V. & Wodon, Q., (2002) "Accounting for Poverty in Infrastructure Reform: Learning from Latin America’s Experience." WBI Development Studies, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Faruqee, R. (1994) Nigerian: ownership abandoned in Hussein, I. & R. Faruqee, (eds) adjustment in Africa: lessons from country case studies. Washington, DC: World Bank
Foster, V. & Briceño-Garmendia, C (2010) Africa’s Infrastructure; A Time for Transformation, Agence Française de Développement and World Bank.
Ghirmay, Teame (2004) Financial Development and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries: Evidence from Time Series Analysis, African Development Review. Volume 16, Issue 3, pages 415–432, December 2004
Granger, C W J (1969) Investigating causal relations by econometric methods and cross-spectral methods, Econometrica, 34, 541-51
Granger, C W J (1981). Some properties of time series data and their use in econometric model specification. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 16, 121-130
Granger, C. W. J. & Newbold, P. (1974) spurious regression in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 2, 111-120
Greene, J, & D. Villanueva (1991) Private investment in developing countries: An empirical analysis, IMF Staff Paper 38, No. 1 Washington. DC: International Monetary Fund.
Hall, S. (1994) Time Series Forecasting, In Hall, S. (Editor) Applied Economic Forecasting Techniques. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Hawkins, E.K. (1959) Capital formation in Nigeria and Ghana, Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Statistics, vol. 21, no. 1
Hendry, D.F. (1980) Econometrics Alchemy or Science?, Economica 47, 387-406.
Hillebrandt, P. (2000) Economic Theory and the Construction Industry, London; Macmillan
Hillebrandt, P.M. (1984) Analysis of the British Construction Industry. Macmillan, London
Hillebrandt, P.M. (1988) Analysis of the British Construction Industry, London: MacMillan Press Ltd
Hooley, R. W. (1967) The Measurement of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 49, No. 2 (May, 1967), pp. 199-208
Johansen, S. (1988) Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, pp 231-54
Johansen, S. (1991) Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors In Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models, Econometrica, 59, pp 1551-80.
Johansen, S. (1995) Likelihood-based inference in co-integrated vector autoregressive models, Oxford University Press
Keynes. J. M., (1936) the General Theory of Employment Interest and Money, New York: A Harvest BHJ Book
Khan, M. S. & C. M. Reinhart (1990) Private Investment and Economic in Developing Countries Growth, World Development, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 19-27,
Kilian, L (1998) Confidence intervals for impulse responses under departures from normality, Econometric Reviews 17, 1–29.
Kularatne, C (2005) Social and economic infrastructure impacts on economic growth in South Africa, Annual Bank Conference On Development Economics, South Africa 2008, School of Economics, South Africa.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTABCDESOUAFR2008/Resources/ChandanaKularatne.pdf
Kuznets, S & Jenks, E (1961) Summary of Findings: Capital in the American Economy, in: Capital in the American Economy: Its Formation and Financing, pages 389-428
Lewis, A. (1970) Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour in Meier, G.M. leading issues in development Economics, New York: Oxford University Press
López, H., (2004) "Macroeconomics and Inequality" The World Bank Research Workshop, Macroeconomic Challenges in Low Income Countries, October
Lütkepohl, H, (2007) New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis, Springer, 2007, p. 63.
Lütkepohl, H. (2008) Impulse response function, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2nd Edition)
Munnell A. H. (1992) Policy Watch: Infrastructure Investment and Economic Growth, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Autumn), pp. 189-198
Ndulu, B. (2006) Infrastructure, Regional Integration and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Dealing with the Disadvantages of Geography and Sovereign Fragmentation, Journal of African Economies, vol 15, AERC supplement 2, pp. 212-244
Ofori G (2000) Challenges of construction industries in developing countries: lessons from various countries, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the CIB Task Group 29 (TG 29): Construction in Developing Countries, Gaborone, Botswana, 15–17 November, pp. 1–11
Ofori G (2001) Challenges Facing Construction Industries in Southern Africa, Keynote Address, Regional Conference on Developing the Construction Industries of Southern Africa, National Department of Public Works, Pretoria, 23–25 April
Ofori G (2006) Revaluing Construction in Developing Countries: A Research Agenda, Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 11(1)
Olusegun, O.A. (2008) Oil price shocks and the Nigerian economy: a forecast error variance decomposition analysis, Journal of economic theory 2(4) 124-130
Perkins, P., Fedderke, J. & Luiz, J. (2005) “An Analysis of Economic Infrastructure Investment in South Africa” South African Journal of Economics Vol. 73:2
Pesaran, M H & Shin, Y (1998) Generalized impulse response analysis in liner models, Economic Letters, 58, 17-29.
Phillips, P.C.B. & Perron, P. (1988) Testing for Unit Roots in Time Series Regression, Biometrika, 75, 335-346
Pietroforte, R. and Gregori, T. (2006) Does volume follow share? The case of the Danish construction industry, Construction Management and Economics, 24(7), 711–15
Pindyck, R. S. & Rubinfeld, D. L. (1991), Econometric models and economic forecasts (3rd edition), New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Prest, A.R. & Stewart, I.G. (1953) The national income of Nigeria, 1950-51, London, HMSO
Reinikka, R. & Svensson, J (1999), How Inadequate Provision of Public Infrastructure and Services Affects Private Investment, The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper Series: 2262
Robertson, D. & Wicken, M, (1994) VAR modelling. in Hall, S. (Editor) Applied Economic Forecasting Techniques. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Robinson, J. (1949). An essay on Marxian economics, London: Macmillan
Romer, P.M. (1990) Endogenous technological change, The Journal of Political Economy, 98, (5), Part 2:
Rwelamila, P D (2006) African construction industries in turmoil? The implication for NEPAD
Seaden, G. and A. Manseau (2001) Public policy and construction innovation, Building Research & Information (2001) 29(3), 182–196
Servén, L. & A. Solimano (1993) Debt crisis, adjustment policies and capital formation in developing countries: Where do we stand? World Development, Volume 21, Issue 1, January, pp 127-140
Sims, C. A (1972) Money, Income, and Causality, the American Economic Review
Vol. 62, No. 4, pp 540-552
Smith, A. (1776), An Enquiry into the Wealth of Nations, Oxford, Claredon.
Solow, R., (1956) A contribution to the theory of economic growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics 70, pp. 65–94
Toda, H.Y. & Phillips, P C B (1994) Vector Autoregressions and Causality: A Theoretical Overview and Simulation Study, Econometric Reviews 13, 259-285
Umo, J. (1979) Capital Formation in Oluloku, F.A (Ed) Structure of the Nigerian Economy (1st Edition). London: Macmillan.
UNCHS (1984) The Construction Industry in Developing Countries, Vol. 2, UNCHS Habitat, Nairobi.
Van Wijnbergen, S (1983) Interest rate management in LDCs, Journal of Monetary Economics. Vol. 12 (September), pp 433-412
Wells, J (1984) the construction industry in the context of development: a new perspective. Habitat International, 8(3/4), 9–28
World Bank, (1984) the construction industry issues and strategy in developing countries. The World Bank : Washington , DC
Yule, G U (1926) why do we sometimes get nonsense correlations between time series? A study in sampling and the nature of time series, Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 89, pp 1-64
Published
2020-05-05
How to Cite
Saka, A. N., & Ogunsemi, D. (2020). Nigerian Construction Sector, Domestic Fixed Capital Formation and Gross Domestic Product of Nigeria. Journal of Construction Innovation and Cost Management, 1(1), 115-131. Retrieved from https://jcicm.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/2759
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Articles
